湖库型饮用水水源地保护区保护研究-以大溪水库为例

科学合理的保护饮用水水源地对于保障饮用水水质安全和人民身体健康极为重要.以大溪水库为例,分析大溪水库饮用水水源地存在的环境问题及造成环境问题的原因,从污染控制、自然保护、建设项目管理等方面着手,提出强化大溪水库饮用水水源地的保护措施和对策.     

氯碱工业在柴达木国家循环经济示范区的作用

介绍了青海盐湖工业集团股份有限公司在柴达木国家循环经济示范区,以氯碱化工为基础,科学合理地构建循环经济模式的主要内容。     

连环湖水禽狩猎场水质环境的评价研究

利用理化监测和生物监测相结合的实验方法对连环湖狩猎场的水质进行评价研究.在主成分分析模型的基础上对连环湖狩猎场水质的理化指标的监测结果进行聚类分析,同时利用微核试验进行水质的生物监测研究.认为连环湖水域中的部分渔业用水水源的水质已受到轻度污染,并且对生物具有潜在的毒性效应.     

引江调水改善太湖贡湖湾的水环境效应

本文以生态系统动力学模型CAEDYM为建模框架,紧密结合太湖生态系统结构与功能特点,以河道流量及其物质含量、风场、太阳辐射等为外部函数,以藻类生消及其相关营养盐变化过程为建模核心,建立考虑内源释放的各种形态氮、磷输移与转化的太湖整体三维藻类动力学模型。在选取关键性评估指标的基础上,构建非调水及实况调水两种情景方案,应用模型计算了两种情景方案下贡湖湾环境指标的时空变化,重点对比分析了蓝藻生物量的变化规律及其影响因素,较客观评估了引江调水对贡湖湾的水环境效应,阐明了引江调水对贡湖湾水环境的改善机制。     

大型浅水湖泊水环境容量计算研究

针对大型浅水湖泊受风场影响显著的特点,提出考虑风向风速联合频率订正及污染带控制的水环境容量计算方法;以太湖为例,建立了二维非稳态水量水质数学模型。结合该区域的水文特征和实测的数据,对流场和浓度场进行了模拟和对比,并计算了太湖的水环境容量。结果表明：采用二维非稳态水量水质数学模型得到的太湖流场、浓度场计算值与实测值均相差不大,太湖水环境容量COD为132727 t.a-1,总磷为545t.a-1,总氮为7700t.a-1。该方法运用风向风速联合频率综合体现了风场对太湖湖流的形成及流态的作用以及对水环境容量的影响。     

离子液体溶剂浮选法分离富集盐湖卤水中的锂

首次将疏水性离子液体(IL)1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐应用于溶剂浮选,对盐湖卤水中的锂进行富集分离,用火焰原子吸收光谱法对锂进行测定。考察了磷酸三丁酯(TBP)用量、相比V(O):V(A)、浮选时间、气体流速、浮选温度、共存离子、溶液的pH值对浮选率的影响。结果表明,最佳浮选条件为:浮选温度40℃,V(TBP):V(IL)=8:1,相比V(O):V(A)=5,气体流速为50 mL/min,溶液pH=2.5时浮选15 min,此时Li+的浮选率达到85%。离子液体作为浮选剂用来浮选Li+也适用于痕量锂的分析检测。     

Temperature-induced impacts on groundwater quality and arsenic mobility in anoxic aquifer sediments used for both drinking water and shallow geothermal energy production

Aquifers used for the production of drinking water are increasingly being used for the generation of shallow geothermal energy. This causes temperature perturbations far beyond the natural variations in aquifers and the effects of these temperature variations on groundwater quality, in particular trace elements, have not been investigated. Here, we report the results of column experiments to assess the impacts of temperature variations (5°C, 11°C, 25°C and 60°C) on groundwater quality in anoxic reactive unconsolidated sandy sediments derived from an aquifer system widely used for drinking water production in the Netherlands. Our results showed that at 5 °C no effects on water quality were observed compared to the reference of 11°C (in situ temperature). At 25°C, As concentrations were significantly increased and at 60 °C, significant increases were observed pH and DOC, P, K, Si, As, Mo, V, B, and F concentrations. These elements should therefore be considered for water quality monitoring programs of shallow geothermal energy projects. No consistent temperature effects were observed on Na, Ca, Mg, Sr, Fe, Mn, Al, Ba, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Eu, Ho, Sb, Sc, Yb, Ga, La, and Th concentrations, all of which were present in the sediment. The temperature-induced chemical effects were probably caused by (incongruent) dissolution of silicate minerals (K and Si), desorption from, and potentially reductive dissolution of, iron oxides (As, B, Mo, V, and possibly P and DOC), and mineralisation of sedimentary organic matter (DOC and P).     

Mass Transport in Shallow Turbulent Wake Flow by Planar Concentration Analysis Technique

A planar concentration analysis (PCA) system is used for observing the transport and mixing of a tracer mass in a shallow turbulent free-surface wake flow of a large cylindrical obstacle. The nonintrusive, fieldwise PCA measuring technique is applied to evaluate depth-averaged mass concentrations by making use of light attenuation due to absorption and scattering processes related to a dissolved tracer mass. The scalar fields are decomposed into a low-frequency quasiperiodic part, the coherent flow, and a randomly fluctuating part. From accompanying near-surface velocity measurements, large-scale coherent structures are identified and related to the coherent mass fields. This allows one to assess the role of the large-scale vortices for advection and diffusion in shallow wake flows. The time–mean wake flow displays a self-similar spanwise distribution both for mass and velocity. The longitudinal development of shallow wakes initially shows the growth of unbounded wakes; in the wake far field an attenuated behavior applies.     

Fertigation in Furrows and Level Furrow Systems. II: Field Experiments, Model Calibration, and Practical Applications

Furrow fertigation can be an interesting practice when compared to traditional overland fertilizer application. In the first paper of this series, a model for furrow fertigation was presented. The simulation model combined overland water flow (Saint-Venant equations), solute transport (advection-dispersion), and infiltration. Particular attention was paid to the treatment of junctions present in level furrow systems. In this paper, the proposed model is validated using five furrow fertigation evaluations differing in irrigation discharge, fertilizer application timing, and furrow geometry. Model parameters for infiltration and roughness were estimated using error minimization techniques. The error norm was based on observed and simulated values of advance time, flow depth, and fertilizer concentration. Model parameters could be adequately predicted from just one discharge experiment, although the use of more experiments resulted in decreased error. The validated model was applied to the simulation of a level furrow system from the literature. The model adequately reproduced irrigation advance and flow depth. Fertigation events differing in application timing were simulated to identify conditions leading to adequate fertilizer uniformity.     

Contact Interface Model for Shallow Foundations Subjected to Combined Cyclic Loading

It has been recognized that the ductility demands on a superstructure might be reduced by allowing rocking behavior and mobilization of the ultimate capacity of shallow foundations during seismic loading. However, the absence of practical reliable foundation modeling techniques to accurately design foundations with the desired capacity and energy dissipation characteristics and concerns about permanent deformations have hindered the use of nonlinear soil–foundation–structure interaction as a designed mechanism for improving performance of structural systems. This paper presents a new “contact interface model” that has been developed to provide nonlinear relations between cyclic loads and displacements of the footing–soil system during combined cyclic loading (vertical, shear, and moment). The rigid footing and the soil beneath the footing in the zone of influence, considered as a macroelement, are modeled by keeping track of the geometry of the soil surface beneath the footing, along with the kinematics of the footing–soil system, interaction diagrams in vertical, shear, and moment space, and the introduction of a parameter, critical contact area ratio (A/Ac); the ratio of footing area (A) to the footing contact area required to support vertical and shear loads (Ac). Several contact interface model simulations were carried out and the model simulations are compared with centrifuge model test results. Using only six user-defined model input parameters, the contact interface model is capable of capturing the essential features (load capacities, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation, and deformations) of shallow foundations subjected to combined cyclic loading.